On Nattukottai Chettiars...

Fortune Seekers: A Business History of the Nattukottai Chettiars
Author: Raman Mahadevan(2025)

The Chettys are believed to have been present in the Malay Peninsula as early as the 16th century in the history of the Malacca Empire, according to Portuguese writings, when they arrived on Malacca's shores. The community, known as Chetty or Chitty in Malacca, had its own distinctive way of life, integrating with the local population, establishing places of worship, and holding significant positions in the Sultanate. They are said to originate from the Coromandel (Eastern) Coast of India. Interestingly, their settlement is called 'Gajah Berang' — 'Angry Elephant' in Malay. This might also be a corruption of Kanchipuram's old name, Karca Pidam. Therefore, the Chittys could have originated from Kanchipuram rather than Nattukottai.

In many P Ramlee films, the character of a Chetty frequently appears as the stereotypical moneylender.

It has been said that much of the State lands belonging to the Sultans changed hands to the Chettys in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One particular monarch, who was addicted to booze and gambling and a bad gambler too, lost much of his property by signing it away to obtain loans from Chettys to feed his gambling addiction. Usually, the loans were not repaid, leading to the lands being seized and taken over by the Chettys. Concerned local chiefs approached the British administrators, who proposed the Malay Reserve Land Code to preserve State lands for the Malays, that is, within the control of the Sultans, the protectors of Malay sovereignty.

Many groups within the Indian population are naturally entrepreneurial. These include the Mawaris, Khataris, Multani, Parsi, Baniar, Sindhi, Chetti, and many others. They possess sharp business skills and have an exceptional ability to foresee and grasp future economic trends.

https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/11/13/
ethnic-chetty-residents-want-more-effort-to-preserve-village

In my hometown, Penang, the Nattukottai Chettiars are renowned for organising the now world-famous annual three-day Thaipusam celebrations with chariot processions and hundreds of kavadi-bearing devotees. To support these events, they have built a large temple complex along Waterfall Road and a silver chariot to oversee the entire celebration. Historically, the Chettiars owned extensive land in Malaysia for much of the first half of the 20th century. However, following the unrest associated with communists (between 1948 and 1960) and the race riots in 1969 in the newly independent Malaya, the Chettiars chose to liquidate their assets and return lock, stock and barrel back to India.

The history of the Nattukottai Chettiars dates back to 2893 BC. By the late 19th century, they had established themselves around the princely State of Puthukottai in South India. They were also known as Nagarathars. The area they inhabited was not suitable for farming, so they evolved into a mercantile community and small local traders. The rule of the British Raj in India made doing business more difficult, leading the Chettiars to explore overseas opportunities for expanding their money-lending enterprise. 

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 radically changed global commerce. The plantation economy began to develop in colonies such as Ceylon, Burma, Indochina, and Malaya. The demand for credit surged, and the Chettiars stepped in to meet the need by lending to local planters in these regions. 

70% of all loans in Burma in 1930 were from Chettiars.
https://www.yangontimemachine.com/en/index?id=24&art=chettiar_temple

In Burma and Indochina, rice plantations expanded to meet global demand. Crops such as coffee, tea, and coconut were cultivated on a large scale in Ceylon. Rubber estates flourished in Malaya. Tin mining commenced in Malaya in the early 20th century. Chettiars prospered by doing what they did best—being moneylenders. Their primary activity was an intra-community banking system based on trust and risk-taking. Within the community, they established a support network to ensure that each member received assistance and that disputes between members were resolved internally, without resorting to legal action. Their intra-community bond was powerful. Sadly, the Nagarathars were not particularly friendly with the locals. It was all business. This proved to be an albatross around their neck when the Saya San rebellion broke out in Burma. 

The business was a roaring success for them until 1928, when the world faced the Great Depression. Some had cut their losses and returned home, while others bought large parcels of land when borrowers were unable to repay their loans. The Chettiars became major landowners.

Their businesses faced further difficulties when World War II broke out. The depreciation of local currencies and the switch to Japanese Banana money in Burma and Malaya resulted in overwhelming losses. In Burma, resistance manifested as regional nationalism, such as the Saya San Rebellion, and many of their properties were nationalised. Thousands of Chettiars had to flee on foot as refugees back to India.

Some Chettiars repatriated their capital to India. Many shifted to managing cotton mills, modern industries, education, and banking. A small number of them never recovered from their losses. Over-commitment to money lending and an unwillingness to diversify led to the collapse of their traditional business model.

By 1938, ~25% of Burma's rice-growing areas were in Chettiar hands.
https://www.yangontimemachine.com/en/index?id=24&art=chettiar_temple

Their apparent presence in the modern world, from 1870 onwards, throughout post-independent India, has left an indelible mark. A few figures have secured their place in Indian history.

There was Sir Annamalai Chettiar, an industrialist, banker, philanthropist, and educationist. He is immortalised in the university bearing his name. Another legendary Nattukottai Chettiar is Dr Alagappa Chettiar, one of the first in the community to study English and decide to read Law at the University of London. During his stint in the UK, he worked part-time in the banking sector and acquired a flying licence. Despite completing his course, he was refused permission to practise Law in the UK because he had contracted leprosy, which had slightly disfigured his face. He returned home to found Alagappa University and fund hospitals. Later, he founded Jupiter Airways, which played a crucial role in bringing refugees to India during the Partition. He was the youngest Indian to be knighted in 1946, but he voluntarily renounced the title after India's independence. Alagappa Chettiar's business portfolio included the acquisition of Ayer Manis Rubber Estate in Muar, Johor, in Malaya during the 1920s.

Then there was MCT Chidambaram Chettiar, the founder of Indian Overseas Bank. One of the survivors of the Burma ordeal is the group of AMM Murugappa Chettiar. He relocated to India and ventured into manufacturing cycles, steel tubes, ceramics, sugar, fertilisers, financial services, and more. The Murugappa Group has become a powerhouse of the Indian industry.

Karumuthu Thiagaraja Chettiar was another textile magnate, philanthropist, and supporter of the arts and Tamil language. He was a freedom fighter and a member of the Indian National Congress. This should not be confused with Sir Pitty Theagaraya Chettiar, another notable industrialist and a founding member of the Justice Party. The affluent neighbourhood of T. Nagar in Chennai is named after him. Pitty did not belong to the Nattukottai Chettiar community but to the Telugu-speaking Devanga Chetty community.

AV Meiyappa Chettiar is known for his AVM Studio, AVM Production House and his role as a doyen in Tamil cinema during its golden age.

In Malaysia, the average person might not fully appreciate the business savvy and close-knit qualities of the Nattukottai Chettiars. They might only learn about their black umbrellas, the ash spread on their foreheads, and their money-lending trades after watching several P Ramlee movies. One thing they would not overlook is the Chettinad eateries and their delicious cuisine, which can be found all over town.

(N.B. Over the last decade, a conspiracy has emerged regarding the Nattukottai Chettiar-managed silver chariot used during Penang's Thaipusam procession. It was alleged that the monies offered by the public do not go towards the uplift of Hindus or the maintenance of Hindu temples in Penang. The Chettiars were accused of siphoning off the collection to Chettinadu in Tamil Nadu. The Penang Hindu Endowment Board, in retaliation, introduced a golden chariot in direct competition with its silver counterpart.)

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Guilty by default?

Emergency (2022)

Director: Carey William

Sikhism is professed by 25 to 30 million worldwide and is the fifth-largest religion in the world. Even though Sikhs constitute only 1.72% of India's population and 1.02% of the world's population, they are instantaneously recognised, not only by their unique appearance but also by their industriousness and successes. In India and the rest of the world, wherever they migrate, their proportion of poverty, as compared to other groups, remains the lowest. Outside Punjab, some minorities still excel without political assistance. Reaching foreign shores as economic migrants, they generally prosper and outperform other immigrants. They blend well into society and have the tongue to learn to speak the local lingo swiftly. Pretty soon, they will be sitting in professional bodies.

The Sikhs are often seen by community leaders as a shining example of how societies should progress. Someone toyed with the idea that lack of political representation and state assistance are the very things that help them propel forward.

Hence, in Malaysia, the recently perceived 'lack of Indian representation' in the Malaysian Cabinet is a non-issue. There is no need to depend on handouts from the top. The community itself should pull itself with its own bootstrap. As the Senior Economist Thomas Sowell advised, when people get used to preferential treatment, equal treatment seems discriminatory. He also concluded that affirmative is ineffective. He likened it to a wrong medical diagnosis and prescription. His research had repeatedly shown that blacks in America were better off in many social parameters before the Civil Rights Law was passed in the USA. As he is often quoted to have said, "When people are poor, they want communism or socialism, but when they are rich, they think capitalism is best!"

All that is fine at a macro level, but day-to-day human interaction does not work that way at the ground level. Power dynamics and racial stereotyping are a mainstay. The presence of little Napoleons and power brokers is everywhere. The decree from the top gets lost in translation, purposefully or like the game of 'Chinese whispers'. 

If George Floyd has taught us anything, dealing with the enforcement unit is more complex. Split decisions made in an encounter are anything but easy. The police see the other as a potential criminal who would harm him or escape. If he made a wrong call, he would be negligent or, worse, lose his life. 

The person on the end of the police baton would be apprehensive that he would be pigeonholed based on his ethnicity or appearance. In his mind, he is assumed to be guilty by default. Any wrong move, and he is a cadaver.

These thoughts go through the minds of three friends who aspire to go places as they almost complete college. The three friends, two blacks (Kumle and Sean) and a Hispanic (Carlos) find an apparently stoned white teenager in their home. Like black South Africans in the apartheid era, they panicked. They decide to take the kid to the hospital in their SUV. Kumle, the studious one, has his life all mapped out. He is going to Princeton come fall. Sean has had a previous bad encounter with the cops, and Carlos has consumed intoxicants and is flying high like a kite.

While cruising en route to the hospital, they encounter a police roadblock. Suddenly, it dawned upon them how they might look to the cops- three coloured people kidnapping a drugged white teenager! Then begins the cascade of confusion as they avoid police custody, escape the victim's sister and friends, but most of all, not in any way jeopardise their future. The last thing they want is to be just another statistic in the ever-expanding number of victims of police brutality. 

This film is supposed to be a comedy, but the subject matter deems anything but funny!

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Which is more newsworthy?

Sometime last week, a submersible (a titanium-carbon fibre-made mini-submarine, christened Titan) commissioned to investigate the remains of the Titanic went into trouble. A catastrophic implosion is said to have instantaneously killed the five aboard. Each had sent about $250 000 to get 40,000 ft below sea level to catch a glimpse of the ill-fated ship. The dead ranged from wealthy businessmen to adventure explorers. A few days later, a Greek boat carrying hundreds of refugees from Pakistan, Syria, Egypt and Palestine submerged off the coast of Libya. 

The papers went agape with moving stories of economic refugees picking up the pieces and risking their lives for a better life in Europe. At the same time, the mass media has also been accused of paying more attention to the five victims of the Titanic sub rather than the refugee boat accident that swallowed more than a hundred lives. 

Critics assert that life is precious, whether the victim is rich or poor, educated or otherwise. Unfortunately, life does not work like that. It is pretty naive to insist that a homeless vagabond should be accorded the same level of treatment as the CEO of a multinational company. At the risk of sounding unkind, the reality is that the latter will contribute back to society, whereas the former will just sponge its resources. But hey, he could have a veteran, a professional who had fallen from grace or whatnot. But such is life. 

The communists and the religious will insist that all men are created equal, but in reality, some animals are more equal than others. When the shove comes to the push, hierarchy does exist. 

For example, when a destitute in Saint Theresa’s sanatorium has chest pain, she is offered prayers and paracetamol. When Mother Theresa herself has chest discomfort, an appointment at Harley Street Cardiology Clinic is made for her immediately. 

Looking at the two maritime mishaps above, one refers to the failure of mankind’s engineering marvel. All the years of research, experimentation and trial runs have led to this. The Titanic, another engineering, supposed proof of an unsinkable oceanliner, went down tamely on its maiden voyage. Just when the researchers thought they could have a peek into what could have gone wrong, now this. Naturally, a post-mortem of the failure of human endeavours excites many. 

Conversely, the refugee crisis denotes political failure. We deserve the government we choose. If millions of people within a vicinity cannot agree on how they want the country to be, they should not be playing victimhood. Politics is what people decide for themselves. Others cannot meddle. The rest of the world has enough problems, and now, the refugee crisis. The experience of many developed countries with the waves of immigrants over the last twenty years could have been anything but pleasing. Refugees, upon acceptance, have abused the system. Many of their siblings have yet to really integrate into the system. Some are hellbent on biting the hands that fed them. The host countries have never been the same since.

It is understandable why one news presides over the other in importance. 

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Behind the gentrification...

Kakka Muttai (Crow's Egg, 2015)

Story, Direction: M. Manikandan. 

Thanks to JT for the recommendation.

All they wanted was to eat pizza. All the advertisements convinced them that it indeed tasted heavenly. It must be valid since even their favourite movie star endorsed it. All the graphic images of fillings of the pizza and sticky cheesy must be an experience to behold, they thought. And they made it their once-a-lifetime achievement to savour one of those. For these two boys from the Chennai slums, paying ₹ 299 for a box of pizza is abominable. After all, for these slum boys, whose father is in jail and mother is at wit's end trying to get him out, it is just a flitting dream. The boys, nicknamed Kakka Muttai, cannot afford to go to school and scrap a living selling coal that drops off a moving train. On a good day, they manage to earn ₹15. 

They see their favourite playing ground slowly being cordoned off and transforming into a shop lot and a happening pizza parlour. They are intrigued by all the hype surrounding the place. Even their favourite movie star, Simbu, is seen dining there. And they keep watching the pizza advertisement repeatedly flashing on the telly. The boys resolve to save money, bit by bit, to lay their fingers into the coveted divine meal. 

In the meantime, slum boys are shooed from the pizza parlour. A security guard is placed there. It seems their presence is not welcomed. 

After getting a windfall, they managed to save ₹ 300. But when they arrived to buy pizza, they were chased away. They were not dressed up to patronise the place. The guard went as far as to assault the boys. A passer-by took a video of the event and viralled it. 

A comedy of errors ensued. A local goon, on being aware of the incriminating video, tries to make a quick buck extorting to sell the video to TV channels. A local politically connected man from the slum tries to earn brownie points when local dwellers plan a demonstration. The goon's sidekick tries to outsmart his boss by breaking a 'better' deal with a TV channel when in fact, his boss was trying to fleece him. 

In the meantime, when the pizza owner realises the bluff, they send their own people to apprehend the boy to do damage control… 

We see gentrification happening around us. We feel proud seeing the backwater backyard that we once lived, undergoing beautification, look whitewashed and refined. Suddenly we find our parents, if they owned the properties, boasting about their prized million-dollar property. Unfortunately, the whole exercise comes with a cost. 

A segment of the population would be left out in this rat race. If life is an F1 race, they would forever be the minion Minaldi, just to make the race, not win it! 

The displaced segment will be pushed more and more to the periphery. This group is the target of politicians and matters most for mass decisions. Their concerns are often highlighted to smokescreen the leaders' true intentions. 

The marginalised will stay marginalised. Wealth is a zero-sum game. It cannot be created from thin air. To make money, somebody has to lose. The same usual suspects repeatedly appear on both ends of the spectrum. The peep show may vary, but the stage remains the same.

(PS. When the brothers finally dug into the pizza, they realised it was all a letdown. The gooey feel and bland taste were a turnoff. They learned the experience was not worth their effort. That is marketing in modern times, turning unassuming humans, i.e. (m)asses, into ravaging zombies oblivious to what they actually need.) 

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Like bees drawn to nectar!

Jatt vs IELTS (Punjabi; 2018)
Director: Devi Dutt

It is a problem in most developing countries. The generation around the country's independence bent over backwards to provide for the family. They felt contented to be self-sufficient and to ensure their offspring were not deprived of the things they missed. With the advent of widespread dissemination of information and systemic glorification of modern living, the youngsters just turned out pompous and sluggards.

This is a universal problem experienced by societies in upcoming post-independent Asian nations. The younger generation cannot wait to buzz off from their birth country. They feel they can only find their true potential away from the toxic environments enveloping their nations. The West, it seems, gave them the validation and liberation they needed. 

Modern education provides equal opportunities for all. The end result of this is women performing way better in all academic indices. 

About twenty years ago, it seems the state of Punjab was the most prominent food supplier to the rest of the country. It also used to be the biggest revenue earner in terms of taxes. All over the years, its position has undergone a significant slide. Social problems have grown. Alcoholism and drug addiction amongst the young has skyrocketed. Punjab blames Pakistan for the maleficent dropping of dope over the border via air balloons and drones.

Komatagaru Maru

Reports of young Punjabis smuggled across the European borders are no secret. News of them being made to work in slave-like conditions in Italian vineyards and Portugal is nothing new. Canada has been a hotbed for Punjabi immigration since the late 1800s, amidst much hostility. Canadian hostile stance against Asian migration of the 20th century and The Komagata Maru incident in 1914 when Punjabis were refused disembarkation and were turned away still stays fresh in everyone's mind. 

These days, with the friendly attitude shown by Trudeau and his government, it seems that every Punjabi harbours a secret dream to be a Canadian citizen. For that, applicants need to score well on an English proficiency test named International English Language Testing System (IELTS).

This movie combines all of the above to depict the sad state of affairs in a light comedy. The main character, Jassi, is a wealthy farmer's 'good for nothing' son who spends all his time gallivanting here and there on his motorbike. He abhors the idea of continuing his father's occupation. Much to the chagrin of his father, Jaggi wants to complete his IELTS exams and migrate to Canada. The problem is that he is not the sharpest tool in the box. He learns of the idea of marrying a girl who had got a visa to Canada and joining her later with a spousal visa. The plan backfires when the wife remarries in Canada.

One would expect the film to end with the protagonist having a realisation to stay back in Punjab, develop some kind of patriotism and resolve to be a farmer. But, no. He still manages to go to Canada, albeit by other means! 

(P.S. On a side note, Trudeau's government tried to win the Punjabi hearts by apologising for the Komatgaru Maru debacle, having many Sikh ministers in key cabinet positions and expressing their undivided support in the recent farmers protest. Now the tables are turned around. Truck drivers, many of whom were of Punjabi descent, have started protesting against the country's Covid mandate and brought Ottawa to a standstill. Justin Trudeau, meanwhile, is said to have been taken away for protective custody!)

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Poverty amongst the seniors!

The Bacchus Lady (2016)
Director: E J-Yong

Bacchus was a new word to me. It actually refers to the Greek god of wine, sometimes associated with Dionysus. Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, many elderly people found themselves needing to fend themselves. The Miracle at Han River, following years of economic boom following the Korean War, left a country so entwined in the material chase that the traditional Confucian values had lost their appeal. Many young Koreans had emigrated, leaving their elders at home. South Korea is said to be having one of the worst social safety nets amongst OECD countries for its senior citizens. OECD (Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries comprise intergovernmental economic organisations with 38 nations founded in 1961 to stimulate world trade and stimulate economic progress. Its precursor, OEEC, was started in 1948 following the implementation of the Marshall Plan to develop post-WW2 Europe.

The poverty rate of elderly people in South Korea
is the highest among the OECD countries

In 2015, the local police arrested 33 ladies, including an 84-year-old woman, in a park in Jongno district in Seoul for soliciting customers for prostitution. Sociologists determined that the poor retirement benefits put the elderly, especially single ladies, below the poverty line and fend for themselves. Many turn to prostitution to survive. These ladies make a living by selling bottles of Bacchus-F, a popular energy drink, hence their nickname 'Bacchus Ladies'. The packaging suggests that it is sold as 'Livita' here in Malaysia. The Bacchus ladies' clientele is usually lonely old men. Transitioning to sexual services is optional.

The film starts with a postmenopausal lady, So-Young (sic), getting treatment for gonorrhoea. Just she exits the doctor's room, a ruckus begins. A Filipino lady barges in to demand from the doctor paternity support for their kid. In confusion, the kid left outside scoots off only to miss a major accident and be saved by So-Young. 

Slowly the movie shifts to the day-to-day of So-Young. She lives in a house with a transgender lady and a leg-amputee artiste. Like So-Young, these people are considered fringes of society, scorned for not conforming to the perfect mould to make money. We follow her through her clientele seeking exercise, the fights for customers, the bad-mouthing colleagues, the escape from police busts, and meeting old friends/clients.

So-Young discovers that an old acquaintance, called Saville Row Song for his immaculate haberdashery perfection, is now unwell with stroke. A visit to his nursing home revealed a dispirited Song, all ashamed for his condition, incontinence, immobility and all, begging to die. After a few visits, she actually helps him to die. 

All through, she introspects on the appropriateness of her action. She once sees a cardboard collecting lady by the roadside and ponders who had sunken lower in society - the lady dealing with dirty discards or herself for prostituting?

A good movie with a positive social message. A good watch.

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The robe and the abacus...

Never trust a man in a suit and tie.

He may hide his evil intentions behind

his haberdashery perfection. In the

same vein, a female who reveals much

more than is needed to hide the 

necessaries may be masking the real 

thing she is hiding. 

It is said that the mark of the fall of an economy or, to go as far as a civilisation, is the disproportionate increase in the numbers of accountants and lawyers in society. Disproportionate to what, one may ask. For a community to propel to higher heights, we desperately need educators, engineers, scientists and health care workers. Educators to teach the young minds, engineers to push the boundary of the mind to explore new frontiers, scientists to discover ways to ease living and health professionals to ensure healthy bodies and minds for continual progress. As society becomes complicated, or the piece of the economic pie gets smaller, there would arise the need to protect or usurp material as much as possible, the legal way. After all, good times do not last forever.

Furthermore, the generation next would not be so resilient or antifragile to handle things given to them on a platter. Still, prosperity has to be continued down generations. Hence, there is an innate compulsion for good times to continue rolling within the family. Finances need to be fixed.

The significant jump in the numbers of lawyers and accountants may also mark the decline of morality. Whether the downfall of society is because of their increase or as a response to the fall, it is a matter of conjecture. When one sees things that used to be settled with a gentleman’s handshake amongst close-knitted friends or relatives now mandates legally signed documents to seal the deal, we know we are going down the rabbit hole of mutual distrust.

Washing dirty linen in public and broadcasting intimate detail to shame the other party is in vogue these days. The accusers think that they could play the victim card by putting all lewd pieces in the open. Little do they know, the public says a free daytime soap opera.

Trustfulness is now a forgotten virtue. When a person used to be entrusted with our monies, we did that not because he could give a beautiful account of our income and expenditure. We knew that there was no doubt about his trustworthiness as he would guard his assigned duty with his life. Now, we want a nicely executed (maybe concocted) Excel sheet with all the 't's well crossed and the 'i's meticulously dotted. Creativity and documentation supersede honesty and hard work.

Honest toiling and passion do not count in this material. All one needs to be successful and marketable in a colourful resumé with skills of articulation Lawyers and accountants help us towards that end. Teachers and medical personnel do not serve to broadcast their deeds. There do it because it is a service to mankind. At least, that is how it used to be.

[P.S. Writers and literary figures are still needed for they need to stir emotion and push boundaries, for we only know our limits when we push them to the brim.]

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