From The Land of A Thousand Temples

https://borderlessjournal.com/2026/02/16/from-the-land-of-a-thousand-temples/

“Which part of India did your people come from?” asked the Tamil tour guide during our last trip to Chennai.

“I know my forefathers came from Tamil Nadu, but, sorry can’t tell you which part of Tamil Nadu or village they came from,” I told him in Tamil. “I am a third generation Malaysian Indian. We lost touch with all the relatives back home.”

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Unity in Diversity?

There were clearly rock star vibes in the auditorium. The audience was chanting, 'Modi, Modi!' as the spotlight shone on him. The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, was in town for a two-day State Visit. As he and Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim walked towards the centre stage, his starry-eyed Indian expatriates and Malaysians of Indian origin in the crowd could not hold back their excitement. Even though they had been given strict instructions to remain seated throughout the event, they just had to give the man, Modiji, as they affectionately referred to him, a standing ovation. 

Modi was in Kuala Lumpur during this tumultuous time, when the world faced many uncertainties: an uprising in Iran, a yo-yoing tariff threat from the USA, a move to remove the USD as the main trading currency, and more. Modi's visit was considered significant. The lingering question of the provocative preacher Zakir Naik's status in Malaysia was also expected to be addressed. India was also trying to infiltrate ASEAN by offering its expertise, which is increasingly scorned by citizens of developed nations whose economies India has surpassed and left in awe. The former colonisers, however, have not shed their imperialist mindset. 

Things only settled down when the national anthems of respective countries came on air, Negaraku and Jana Gana Mana. 

With great humility, the Malaysian Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim, began his speech by praising India as a longstanding trading partner and a cultural reservoir for the region. What irked the audience, as I heard the hushed sniggering, was when he addressed the audience as 'brothers and sisters'. Was he trying to sound like Swami Vivekananda in his 1893 Chicago speech? The Malaysians among the audience were quite aware of his 'semua anak saya' pre- election rhetoric and how all that changed when it really mattered. Still, he went on a rant about how India and Malaysia are interlinked over the ages through the Bali Yatra. I thought it would be easier to simply affirm the longstanding, unconfirmed rumour that his grandfather was a sacred-thread-wearing Brahmana to show the link, if the rumour is indeed true. Of course, he did not.

Modi turned out to be quite a salesman. Starting his address with greetings to the crowd, he offered salutations in English, Malay, Tamil, Hindi, Punjabi, and other Indian languages to a frenzied audience. Punctuated by applause, he impressed the listeners with his Malay words, his comparison of the Malaysian favourite food, Roti Canai, to the Malabar Pratha of Kerala, and the names of towns in Malaysia rolling off his tongue, like Batu Caves and Bagan Datoh. Using a teleprompter, the listeners were given the illusion that he was speaking off the cuff, looking directly into their eyes.

He highlighted the giant strides India has made over the last ten years, becoming a force that cannot be ignored. Modi called his old buddy, Anwar Ibrahim, who was his friend before his PMship and other Malaysians to use their common heritage to prosper. 

Like Father Christmas, Modi announced some goodies.  Malaysians of Indian origin, up to six generations, may qualify as Overseas Indian Citizens and receive an unlimited visa and other benefits. He also mentioned the imminent launch of India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in Malaysia. This would be a boon to the trans-Indian Ocean trade, bypassing the SWIFT system and unnecessary Western banking intervention. 

Both leaders try to sell their ideas of unity in diversity. Modi highlighted the various cultures and languages that live under the umbrella of India. Anwar echoed the same sentiments, showcasing the potpourri of cultures through the dances. The highlight of the event was the ensemble of 800 over dancers from various Indian traditions to one song. The performance broke the record in Malaysia's Book of Records for the largest gathering of traditional Indian dancers. 

Everything seemed like everyone was living in utopia, and love was oozing from every orifice. Among the Indian attendees, many were Muslim, as evidenced by the characteristic skullcaps and Arabic garb they wore. 

Unity in diversity was the buzzword. Each party seems to be patting itself on the back for promoting unity and embracing diversity. Surprisingly, people living under their leadership tend to disagree. In India, many accuse Modi of prioritising the welfare of a particular community. At home, Malaysians are accusing Anwar of the same, practising 'divide-and-rule'. Just 15km from the venue, a group of protesters was assembling to express their discontent toward another community. In the morning, before the function, another group gathered to make it clear to Modi that he is not welcome in Malaysia. We live in a bizarre world. Everyone has their own point of view and is hellbent on proving it right. Who is to say he is wrong?

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How to spur nationalism?

Dhurandhar (Stalwart, Hindi; 2025)
Director: Aditya Dhar

https://www.filmbooster.fi/en/film/1703284-
dhurandhar/overview/

How does one stir up a country against its enemies? How does one remind them of the wrongdoings their enemies committed? This is it. Make a film like Dhurandhar. It is so good that even the supposed enemies enjoy it. Pakistan and the Gulf States have banned it, yet it remains the most illegally downloaded Hindi film by Pakistanis of all time. Even in the 70s, when Amitabh Bachchan was at the peak of his anti-hero era, Hindi films did not attract many Pakistanis. 

At an official event, Pakistanis were observed dancing to a song featured in the 'banned' movie, much to the dismay of the leaders. The movie's catchy soundtrack, performed by a Bahraini rapper in Arabic, is causing a stir among viewers. Fans are creating their own clips and dances to the song. Reels from Pakistan show Pakistanis highly praising the film, calling it top-quality and realistic! Some Pakistanis may have experienced the vibrant days of 2000s Karachi, particularly in Liyari Town. Even now, Karachi remains labelled as the second most dangerous city after Caracas.

The entire film is a summary of blaming Pakistan for all of India's problems. And they succeeded significantly. It begins with disastrous concessions to the demands of the Kandahar hijackers in late 1999, when Mazood Azahar had to be released. Mazood went on to establish JeM (Jaish-e-Mohammed) and was the mastermind behind the 2001 Parliament attack and subsequent unrest in Jammu and Kashmir.

Ajit Doval, who first gained prominence during the Kandahar hijackings, makes a notable appearance in this film. His role is superbly portrayed by R Madhavan, who is unrecognisable beneath all the makeup. Through a fictional operation, Dhurandhar, an Indian spy, is inserted into Pakistan. In real life, Doval, while serving as a staff member at the Indian High Commission in Islamabad, went undercover to gather intelligence on Pakistan. On one occasion, he disguised himself as a beggar to retrieve hair from a barber's shop to assess radioactive traces in scientists' hair, aiming to determine Pakistan's nuclear activities. Like Doval, the film's protagonist, Hamza, enters Karachi as a Baloch vagabond, attempting to infiltrate Liyari town.

Liyari was controlled by warlords involved in various illegal activities such as Indian rupee counterfeiting, extortion, and drug trafficking. They were feared even by the Karachi police. A fact: turf wars made Rahman Baloch @ Dakoit the de facto leader. Through a deal with the Pakistani government, Rahman Baloch established his own police force, school, and social justice system for the residents of his territory. It was a country within a country, as President Musharraf acknowledged in an interview.  

In reality, a dedicated Police Superintendent, Chaudhry Aslam, was determined to end the violence in that part of Karachi. The story skillfully weaves Hamza's assistance into the Superintendent's plan to eliminate Rahman Baloch. Also drawn into the unfolding events is the ISI chief, Major Iqbal, who might be connected to the 26/11 Mumbai attack.

The writing on the wall is very clear. This film aims to foster patriotism among Indians, whom they see as having been too meek under the previous government. A quote from Zia ul Haq, following their 1971 defeat in the civil war, is evidence of this. He is said to have vowed to 'bleed India with a thousand cuts'. All the minor skirmishes happening around India serve as proof of this.

If you think this three-and-a-half-hour presentation is too long, it isn't over yet. Be prepared for Part 2 in March 2026.

 

The stunts and violence, although quite gruesome, are carried out professionally, comparable to those in any blockbuster on the international stage. The continuity holds well despite the complex plot and side tracks. The recreation of Liyari is fantastic; even the residents of Liyari are demanding a share of the box office takings. Meanwhile, Dhurandhar continues to gross more at the box office and is likely to set a record of some kind soon.

Flipperachi (Hussam Aseem)

Hanumankind

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In Bad Taste!

The Shameless (Hindi, 2024)
Written & Directed by: Konstatin Bojanov

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15437986/

The director initially aimed to make a documentary after acquiring the rights to William Dalrymple's book, 'Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India'. Due to financial constraints, he ultimately produced this feature film instead. The subject of this film was drawn from one of the nine stories (lives) in the book.

This multinational production has been hailed as a bold, provocative queer movie that highlights the challenges faced by the modern Indian woman. It even gained recognition at the Cannes Film Festival. Of course, it did. Any film that presents a bleak view of India tends to succeed internationally, just like Danny Boyle's 'Slumdog Millionaire' in 2008. Portraying India as grimy, lawless, lacking culture, and saturated with toxic masculinity appears to be a favourite pastime. Nothing has changed since Columbus 'discovered' the New World, and the Portuguese were accompanied by Gujarati seafarers from Durban to Kalikat. The colonists assume the role of bearers of truth, burdened with the task of educating the 'less civilised'.

A sex worker named Renuka escapes from a brothel after killing a police officer. The worker lives incognito next to a Hindu religious family. The family belongs to the devadasi community and is preparing to 'send off' their teenage daughter, Devika, to the highest bidder to serve at a temple. 

In the historical context, during the pre-colonial era, it was customary to 'marry' pre-pubescent girls from lower castes to Goddess Yellamma, dedicating their lives to the goddess's service and temple duties. These girls often became concubines to wealthy men and, in some cases, accumulated wealth themselves. Since 1988, this tradition has been outlawed, and the temple has distanced itself from their plight.

So, the filmmakers decided to portray a non-existent problem as significant. Essentially, they equated the drug-addicted, hard-drinking prostitute with the girl from the devadasi community, who is handed over to the temple—both as sex workers, one due to social circumstances and the other in the name of an archaic religious practice. Coincidentally, the two girls develop a romantic attraction and plan an escape, with the police and the girl's mother close behind. A Hindu nationalist party is also involved in this complex situation. 

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A family matter that brought down a government!

Haq (Right, Hindi, 2025)

Director: Suparn Verma

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36642456/

This story is based on the trial that led to the collapse of a government. It was not the sole reason for the Congress’ defeat; however, it was the nidus for other developments and the subsequent rise of the BJP to power. 

In short, the story is about a Muslim homemaker whose lawyer husband secretly marries a second wife without her consent after 14 years of marriage. She is told to the ‘good wife’ to accept her husband’s new wife. Born to a scholar father, who taught her all the teachings of the Quran, she knows it is improper. She leaves her matrimonial home. Initially, the husband gave a measly amount, but it later stopped. She and her father filed a case at the local courts. 

As the case was in progress, the husband professed the triple talaq to dissolve their marriage with a substantial amount of payment. In the husband's mind, the dissolution of the marriage, with the handing over of a lump sum, absolves him of any responsibility.

What was initially supposed to be a family dispute soon came to be pictured as a threat to the Islamic way of life. It came to be viewed as a conflict with Islamic laws governing marriage and inheritance. In the court's view, monetary support to an aggrieved ex-spouse from her former husband of sufficient means under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) should be available to all Indian citizens, irrespective of religion.

The film ends as a happy tale of perseverance and women's empowerment, with the wife promised increased alimony, but in real life, the case did not end there.

It created a lot of unease among the conservative Muslims. The All India Muslim Personal Law Board viewed the Supreme Court's decision as a threat to their existence in India. They thought these things were agreed upon at Partition and at the inception of India's Constitution.

Two lingering questions were whether triple talaq recited at one single instance is acceptable, and whether the husband's financial responsibility extended beyond the cooling period (iddat).

My years-long interfaith discussions with my dear childhood brothers, AK and FM,  have taught me this. The Prophet preached that one should not make any decisions in a fit of anger. Hence, avoiding triple talaq makes more sense. There must be a cooling period before the third talaq is recited and in the presence of others. There is also the concept of sustenance (nafkah) for their dependent children. 

https://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/articles/do-you-know-the-background-
story-of-haq-starring-emraan-hashmi-and-yami-gautam-68723

That is where the film differs from the actual trial it was supposed to be based on: the 1985 Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano case, a maintenance lawsuit. Shah Bano was 62 when she was divorced, so nafkah for children did not arise. The filmmakers decided to make their heroine 35 years younger with young kids. I guess the story of a grieving postmenopausal divorcee would not sell in India. They also must have incorporated another Supreme Court case (Shayara Bano v. Union of India, 2017), which declared instant triple talaq unconstitutional.

What made the 1985 case interesting is what happened afterwards. Apprehensive about the orthodox Muslim clergy's discontent, the Congress government overturned the decision. It was viewed by the majority as minority appeasement and as indicating that the Rajeev Gandhi government was no longer secular. BJP and other Hindu politicians jumped on the bandwagon to demand the construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya. The roar of the dissidents grew louder, and together with the lingering Bofors scandal, the Indian Congress Party lost the election for a second time in 1989.

The Shayara Bano case in 2017 declared triple talaq in one sitting to be unconstitutional and ruled it violates the fundamental rights of Muslim women.

In Malaysia, the utterance of talaq outside the confines of the syariah courts is a serious offence. Triple talaq by short messaging service (SMS) is also illegal. The Ulamaks, however, disagree with this. It is said that many Islamic schools of jurisprudence, like the Hanafi, approve of it and consider it valid. It was even accepted by Caliph Umar as a final and irrevocable divorce.

As it stands, triple talaq is illegal in India and most Muslim countries, too. Indian Mulsim women groups are welcoming of the Supreme Court’s judgments about the triple talaq, but not the clerics. 

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A quick timeline...

India After Gandhi - The History Of The World's Largest Democracy (2016)
Author: Ramachandra Guha 
(Updated and Expanded) 10th Anniversary version

My knowledge of Indian history is limited to what I was taught in school, which only covered up to the time when MK Gandhi was assassinated in 1948. Since then, for someone from Malaysia, it was patchy, relying on whatever few articles and newsreels managed to reach us. 

This book helps to bridge that gap. It provides a detailed account of the critical events that took place after Nehru’s ‘tryst with destiny’ speech up to circa 2014, when a milestone event emerged. It mainly describes the political landscape and major events during that period. 

All these were penned by one of India’s eminent contemporary historians, Ramachandra Guha. Historically, Indian history throughout the 20th century, both before and after independence, was crafted by left-leaning historians under the influence of the Congress leadership. These historians are said to elevate the Imperial rulers, attempt to gloss over their mistakes, and depict colonial masters as saviours of the nation. On the other side of the rink are the bad boys, as determined as the British and other imperial powers, the members of the Hindutva movements. Guha is classified as a centrist liberal historian. The challenge with such a stance is that he will be criticised by both the left and the right.

The British did not have much hope for India’s future when they left. They predicted that the union would balkanise within ten years along ethnic, religious or linguistic lines. Anyway, towards the latter part of the 20th century, India became too expensive and rebellious to administer. The natives had wised up. The British had to leave to cut their losses. 

While celebrations continue in Delhi with pomp and splendour, chaos reigned in Calcutta at best. The exchange of people between the newly formed Pakistan and India did not proceed in an orderly manner. People were unaware of where the actual demarcation line was. 

From the get-go, India had to confront border skirmishes and the opposition of many princely states to joining the union. In Kashmir, with a Hindu ruler and a Muslim majority, Pakistan wanted Kashmir to cut itself away from India and join Pakistan. Maharajah Hari Singh wished to remain independent, but when Pakistani soldiers disguised as herdsmen infiltrated Kashmir to cause trouble, he abdicated to Jamu and sought assistance from India. 

Instead of deploying troops to take control of the situation, as his team advised, Nehru, in his great wisdom, believed the United Nations should intervene. The consequences of this quick, arguably mistaken decision are still apparent today. 

Then, the princely states had to be coaxed into staying within the coalition. The Nizam of Hyderabad gave India the runaround. Their situation was the opposite of Kashmir — a Muslim monarch and a Hindu majority. The Nizam was reluctant to hand over his wealth to India. Just a few years earlier, the Nizam was crowned the wealthiest man on Earth. He was adamant about either remaining independent or forging a close relationship with Pakistan. The problem was that Hyderabad was a landlocked state. The Islamic fanatics among the ruling class, the Razakkers, went on a killing spree to usurp lands from peasants. At that time, the Communists were also attempting to expand their influence. 

Vallabhai Patel, during Nehru’s absence in the UK, took the bold step of deploying his tanks to annex Hyderabad in a police action codenamed Operation Polo. The Nizam abdicated to Pakistan. It was not called a military action to avoid it being seen as an invasion of a sovereign nation. 

The Portuguese aimed to retain Goa as a Portuguese colony. However, the Goans did not share their sentiments. This prompted India to invade Goa and annex it through Operation Vijay.

 

The states in the North East region also experienced their own resurgence. Conflicts between tribes over land rights and reservations persisted. These conflicts continue in various forms even today. 

 

China and India were not on the best of terms after the Chinese Communist Party took control of China. The writing was on the wall that China posed a threat to India’s sovereignty. Despite the albatross around India's neck, Nehru thought it was wise not to strengthen defence within its borders. China had been encroaching into Tibet. In Nehru's view, after achieving independence through satyagraha (passive resistance), maintaining a large army was inappropriate. Nehru promoted the idea that China was a friend. The slogan of the early 1960s was 'Chinni Chinni Bhai Bhai' (Chinese and Indians are brothers). The Chinese later backstabbed India by attacking and taking over Aksai Chin, west of Nepal.

It was a wake-up call for India. They strengthened their military with help from the Soviet Union. In 1965, Pakistan, supported by the USA, provoked India by claiming a barren piece of land in Gujarat. Through Operation Gibraltar, they infiltrated Kashmir. India, following its humiliating 1962 encounter with China, quickly defeated Pakistan in 22 days, gaining confidence.

States in India underwent division along linguistic and administrative lines. Punjab was divided to form Haryana. Bombay was separated from Maharashtra. Himachal Pradesh was established. Telangana broke away from Andhra Pradesh. Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar, and Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh. Earlier, the Madras Presidency was divided into Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh attempted to claim Madras as its capital but had to relinquish it.

MK Gandhi once described India's heart as residing in its villages. Farming was the primary livelihood for the majority. Nehru promoted industrialisation, machinery, and the expansion of higher education to help the country progress towards modernity. IITs were established to support this goal. The Soviet Union provided assistance. On the international stage, Nehru, with his Fabian ideology, advocated for the Non-Aligned Movement, which aimed to remain independent of either side of the Iron Curtain. The US was quite agitated when he was seen as influential in the 1955 Bandung Conference, where China participated and its premier, Zhou Enlai, attended.

Nehru died in 1964 and was briefly succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri. He was beloved by the public and considered a hero of the common man. His rallying cry, 'Jai Jawan Jai Kisan' (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer), boosted the nation's morale during India's 1965 war with Pakistan. He mysteriously returned in a body bag after signing a peace treaty in Tashkent to end the conflict.

Indira Gandhi was quickly promoted to the position. Throughout, she had been mentored by Nehru for the role. As with Shastri, Indira’s appointment was supported by a committee led by Kamaraj, a Congress leader. 

One of Indira Gandhi’s legacies must surely be when West Pakistan attacked East Pakistan after Mujibur Rahman’s party won the 1971 elections. Somehow, West Pakistan thought it was not appropriate for them to be governed by dark-skinned Bengalis. They sent in the army, and East Pakistan turned to India for help. 

In a swift and decisive 13-day war, India's security forces compelled West Pakistan to surrender unconditionally. India concluded the conflict before the arrival of US naval ships to support the West Pakistani forces. 

 

On Buddha Purnima, 18th May 1974, India became the sixth nation with nuclear capability, joining the USA, UK, USSR, France, and China, when it tested its nuclear bomb in Pokhran. The operation was named the Smiling Buddha. 

Another indelible event in Indira Gandhi’s leadership is the declaration of the National Emergency in 1975. After being guilty of electoral malpractice for using government machinery in her 1971 elections, the Allahabad Court declared the election invalid. This would automatically disqualify her from appointment and prevent her from holding any political post for 6 years. As the public cries grew louder, Indira Gandhi declared an Emergency. Hundreds of opposition leaders, social activists, student leaders, and journalists were arrested under the MISA (Maintenance of Internal Security Act), which allows detention without trial. Prominent leaders arrested included JP Narayan, a key icon of the post-Emergency era; Morarji Desai, who became Prime Minister in 1977; LK Advani, later a deputy Prime Minister; Atal B. Vajpayee; and the rebellious George Fernandez. The radio, TV, print media, and cinema were placed under strict government control. 

The Emergency period saw Indira Gandhi preparing her son, Sanjay, in an attempt to ensure dynastic continuity. He was granted extra-constitutional powers to undertake tasks not approved by the cabinet. He gained considerable notoriety through his unsavoury activities. He attempted to promote forced sterilisation and oversaw slum demolitions. There was an effort to mass-produce India’s affordable people’s car, the Maruti, which did not succeed at the time but was revived much later.

When the Emergency was lifted and elections took place, Indra was defeated. A fragile coalition was formed. The Emergency period, in a way, demonstrated to Indians that there is life after the Congress Party. In fact, this period also saw the splitting of the Congress.

The following years saw a few landmark events. The first non-Congress coalition did not remain in power for long. Due to internal conflicts, the government collapsed. Indira Gandhi returned as Prime Minister in 1981. Sadly, her dynastic ambitions of passing her realm to Sanjay Gandhi were shattered when he was killed in a plane crash.

1984 was another sad year when Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguard just months after she ordered Operation Blue Star. In that operation, the Indian Army entered the Golden Temple in Amritsar to suppress arms-wielding Sikh extremists. Rajiv Gandhi, Indira's other son, was promoted to fill the gap. The 1984 elections saw Congress winning a large majority due to Indira's assassination. Rajiv Gandhi became the youngest Prime Minister at 40.

His premiership was marred by a few controversies. First, there was the Bofors scandal, India's disastrous meddling in the Sri Lankan issue with their ethnic Tamils, the Bhopal tragedy, and Shah Bano's Supreme Court decision on her divorce maintenance settlement. He lost the 1989 elections.

For the second time, a non-Congress coalition formed the government under the leadership of VP Singh. Singh's tenure marked the beginning of the Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid controversy in Ayodhya. The Mandal Commission, established in 1979 to identify socially or educationally backward classes, had its recommendations implemented in 1990. 27% of government jobs were reserved for backward castes. The Mandal-Mandir issue was not well-received by the citizens and contributed to the coalition's loss in the subsequent election.

1991 was a tragic year for the Nehru dynasty. A suicide bomber from Sri Lanka's LTTE detonated an RDX explosive while Rajiv Gandhi was campaigning in Tamil Nadu. The 1991 elections resulted in Narasimha Rao becoming the Congress' Prime Minister. Rajiv's widow, Sonia Gandhi, was disqualified due to her Italian origin.

The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament with no clear majority. The previous Congress government was plagued by the 1992 Bombay stock market scandal. Kashmir experienced renewed violence in 1995. The BJP was invited to form the government. Atal Bihari Vajpayee failed to secure enough support and had to relinquish the premiership after thirteen days. Following a series of appointments, resignations, and splits within parties, the 1998 elections were called. Once again, the results were hung, but Vajpayee became Prime Minister again.

 

The following year, Vajpayee lost a vote of confidence when the AIADMK withdrew its support. Vajpayee had refused to dismantle the Tamil Nadu government led by Karunanidhi. The 1999 elections took place after the Kargil War. With that morale-boosting victory in Kargil and Sonia Gandhi, an Italian by birth, on the opposition side, the BJP won.

There was a surprising leadership change in Congress in 2004. Manmohan Singh led the country for two terms until 2014, after which the BJP, under Narendra Modi's mentorship from Gujarat, has held power to date.

 

India, with its complexities, never fails to fascinate. It is a place to learn about humanity, the evil that men do, a treasure trove of knowledge, and a bottomless pit filled with mysteries of a bygone era. 

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